The Lapita, skilled navigators, first settled in New Caledonia around 1600 B.C. European citizens will need to get a work permit if you do intend to work. [39] However, their jurisdiction is sharply limited in penal matters, as some matters relating to the customary justice system, including the use of corporal punishment, are seen as clashing with the human rights obligations of France. The Internationaux de Nouvelle-Caldonie is a tennis tournament that is held in the first week of January. [39], The Armed Forces of New Caledonia (French: Forces armes de Nouvelle-Caldonie, or FANC) include about 2,000 soldiers, mainly deployed in Koumac, Nanda, Tontouta, Plum, and Nouma. [100] The Europeans are divided into several groups. [40] A new president is appointed each year in August or September, and the presidency rotates between the eight customary areas. Age 15+. It is the surviving member of monotypic family Rhynochetidae, order Eurypygiformes.[88]. Female Male The lagoon and the surrounding New Caledonia Barrier Reef was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2008 for its exceptional beauty and marine biodiversity. [39] The French administration typically respects decisions made in the customary system. The islands are picture-postcard perfect with their paradise beaches. [9] The Lapita were highly skilled navigators and agriculturists. [41] The land forces consist of a regiment of the Troupes de marine, the Rgiment d'infanterie de marine du Pacifique. Includes country demographics, geography, government, economy, telecommunications, transportation, military, and transnational issues. Economic and trade information. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Its sound is similar to the bark of a dog. [85] These crows are renowned for their extraordinary intelligence and ability to fashion tools to solve problems, and make the most complex tools of any animal yet studied apart from humans. [49][50] In 2022, the French Air Force demonstrated a capacity to reinforce the territory by deploying three Rafale fighters, supported by A400M transport aircraft and A330 MRTT Phnix tankers, from France to New Caledonia for a three-week exercise. Some, such as Neogalaxias, exist only in small areas. 1.7% 98.3% Average region score - Oceania 8.4% 8.1% 7.4% 76.1% Economic Inclusive development, shared prosperity and decent work N/A 1.1.1 Employed population below international poverty line. New Caledonia has many unique taxa, especially birds and plants. In the southern part of the main island there are few days when the temperature rises above 86 F (30 C). Year-on-year change: what is the percentage change in CO2 emissions? [21], In June 1940, after the fall of France, the Conseil Gnral of New Caledonia voted unanimously to support the Free French government, and in September the pro-Vichy governor was forced to leave for Indochina. [59] The Nouma Accord required another independence referendum, which was held on 4 October 2020. Due to low levels of domestic horticulture, fresh tropical fruits feature less highly in New Caledonian cuisine than in other Pacific nations, instead relying on rice, fish and root vegetables such as taro. Some travel to Algeria as a rite of passage, though obtaining Algerian citizenship is often a difficult process. [139] Bids for two new local television stations, NCTV and NC9, were considered by the French broadcasting authorities. Most of the people who self-identify as "Caledonian" or refuse to declare an ethnic group are thought to be ethnically European.[95]. [72] The soils of ultramafic rocks (mining terrains) have been a refuge for many native flora species which are adapted to the toxic mineral content of the soils, to which most foreign species of plants are poorly suited, which has therefore prevented invasion into the habitat or displacement of indigenous plants. It is based in Nouma and offers a range of vocational, Bachelor, MA, and PhD programmes and courses. Christian Karembeu is a prominent New Caledonian former footballer. [69] The east coast is covered by a lush vegetation. [47][48] Prior to 2022, the frigate Vendmiaire operated the Alouette III helicopter. [51][52], In addition, some 855 personnel from the National Gendarmerie are stationed on the archipelago divided into 4 companies, 27 brigades and several specialized and mobile Gendarmerie units. There are many streams on New Caledonia, although most are fast flowing. Although New Caledonia on the map is located almost 17 thousand kilometres away from France, it is officially considered a unique administrative-territorial entity. Nuclear power - alongside renewables - is a low-carbon source of electricity. ][128] The share of the nickel sector as a percentage of GDP fell from 8% in 2008 to 5% in 2009. Please see our New Caledonia country page . The island of New Caledonia is divided north to south by a central mountain chain that has formed deep narrow valleys and the coastal plains. [127] The late-2000s recession has gravely affected the nickel industry, as the sector faced a significant drop in nickel prices (31.0% year-on-year in 2009) for the second consecutive year. [131], The Mw Ka is a 12-metre (39ft) totem pole commemorating the French annexation of New Caledonia, and was inaugurated in 2005. Y en aura pour tout le monde! [112][unreliable source? The sport of basketball gets much public attention in New Caledonia by both press and fans. New Caledonia profile. New Caledonia's population of 271,407 (October 2019 census)[7] is of diverse origins and varies by geography; in the North and Loyalty Islands Provinces, the indigenous Kanak people predominate, while the wealthy South Province contains significant populations of European (Caldoches and Metropolitan French), Kanak, and Polynesian (mostly Wallisian) origin, as well as smaller groups of Southeast Asian, Pied-Noir, and North African heritage. [30], Another referendum was held in October 2020, with voters once again choosing to remain a part of France. [nb 2] The convicts included many Communards, arrested after the failed Paris Commune of 1871, including Henri de Rochefort and Louise Michel. [130], In March 2021, Tesla agreed to a partnership with the Goro Mine, a "technical and industrial partnership to help with product and sustainability standards along with taking nickel for its battery production, according to the agreement", according to a BBC News report. A narrative overview of New Caledonia's country context and climate is provided following the visualizations. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The French Navy will further reinforce its offshore patrol capabilities in New Caledonia by deploying a second vessel of the Flix bou class (Jean Tranape) to the territory by 2025. [13][14] Contacts with visiting ships became more frequent after 1840, because of their interest in sandalwood. Many ore-rich massifs are found along this coast. Over 100 bird species live in New Caledonia, of which 24 are endemic. Nouma, also spelled Numea, city, port, and capital of the French overseas country of New Caledonia, southwestern Pacific Ocean, in the southwestern corner of the main island of New Caledonia.It was founded in 1854 as Port-de-France. It is governed by a 54-member Territorial Congress, a legislative body composed of members of three provincial assemblies. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. In later years indenture systems were developed; however, when it came to the French slave trade, which took place between its Melanesian colonies of the New Hebrides and New Caledonia, very few regulations were implemented. [10] The first settlements were concentrated around the coast and date back to the period between c. 1100 BCE to 200 CE. New Caledonia (/kldoni/ KAL-ih-DOH-nee-; French: Nouvelle-Caldonie [nuvl kaledni] (listen))[nb 1] is a sui generis collectivity of overseas France in the southwest Pacific Ocean, south of Vanuatu, about 1,210km (750mi) east of Australia,[4] and 17,000km (11,000mi) from Metropolitan France. In the northeast of the main island, an outcrop of gneiss forms a mountain range 40 miles (60 km) long that includes New Caledonias highest point, Mount Pani, elevation 5,341 feet (1,628 metres). Hidden in the middle of the Pacific to the east of Australia, New Caledonia is a vast, unique and diverse French overseas territory offering an exceptional variety of landscapes, cultures and activities. Captain Louis-Marie-Franois Tardy de Montravel founded Port-de-France (Nouma) on 25 June 1854. Rugged mountain ranges, consisting principally of metamorphic rock formations, divide the island into an east coast, which in many places descends precipitously to the sea, and a west coast, which slopes more gradually and contains basically flat but undulating land. The mean annual temperature at sea level ranges 7175 F (2224 C). Here you will find comprehensive information about New Caledonia in its diversity: geography, economy, science, people, culture, environment, government and history. [75] It has the richest diversity in the world per square kilometre. [2] 22.1% of the imports of goods came from Metropolitan France and its overseas departments, 16.1% from other countries in the European Union, 14.6% from Singapore (essentially fuel), 9.6% from Australia, 4.5% from the United States, 4.2% from New Zealand, 2.0% from Japan, and 27.0% from other countries. Except for several types of bat, which were present before the arrival of Europeans, mammals are absent from the native fauna. [20] Between 1873 and 1876, 4,200 political prisoners were "relegated" to New Caledonia. [63] Much of the land is unsuitable for agriculture, and food accounts for about 20% of imports. [89] There is a large diversity of marine fish in the surrounding waters, which are within the extents of the Coral Sea. [81], New Caledonia has its own version of maquis (maquis minier) occurring on metalliferous soils, mostly in the south. [2] In 2011, exports of goods and services from New Caledonia amounted to 2.11billion US dollars, 75.6% of which were mineral products and alloys (mainly nickel ore and ferronickel). Bathed by clear waters at the heart of the Pacific Ocean. It is very common on acid ground, and grows about one metre per year on the east coast, usually on fallow ground or in forest clearings. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Nol of Tiamou led the 1917 rebellion, which resulted in a number of orphaned children, one of whom was taken into the care of Protestant missionary Alphonse Rouel. The Caledonians formed two of the companies, and the Polynesians the other two. In March 1984, the Front Indpendantiste, a Kanak resistance group, seized farms and the Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front (FLNKS) formed a provisional government. [15] Blackbirding was practised by both French and Australian traders, but in New Caledonia's case, the trade in the early decades of the twentieth century involved kidnapping children from the Loyalty Islands to the Grand Terre for forced labour in plantation agriculture. [21], In 1941, some 300 men from the territory volunteered for service overseas. The New Caledonian archipelago is at the southern end of the chain of Melanesian islands, lying around 1500kms to the east of Queensland. [READ MORE] Embassy Messages Alerts Vice Consul's Travel to Kiribati June 5-8, 2023 Thu, 25 May 2023 United States Embassy Travel To Tonga, June 13 to 16, 2023 Mon, 01 May 2023 United States Embassy Travel to Tonga (March 8 - 10, 2023) Wed, 01 Feb 2023 Health Alert for Fiji (April, 9 2020) Fri, 06 Jan 2023 View Alerts and Messages Archive [11], In 1864, nickel was discovered[20] on the banks of the Diahot River; with the establishment of the Socit Le Nickel in 1876, mining began in earnest. As of 2010, secondary education was in the process of being transferred to the provinces. Numerous streams descend from the central mountain chain to the lagoon; the streams often flood rapidly after rainfall and dry out in dry weather, especially on the west coast. The lowest temperature reached in Nouma is about 55 F (13 C), but, farther north on the west coast, temperatures as low as 41 F (5 C) have been known to occur. [36] The currency in use in New Caledonia is the CFP franc, as of May 2020, pegged to the euro at a rate of 119.3 CFP to 1.00 euros. [98] Once the prisoners had completed their sentences, they were given land to settle. After serving their sentences, they were released and given land to own and cultivate as part of colonisation efforts on the island. [123], Real GDP grew by an average of +3.3% per year in the first half of the 2010s, boosted by rising worldwide nickel prices and an increase in domestic demand due to rising employment, as well as strong business investments, but by only +0.2% per year in the second half of the 2010s, as the local nickel industry entered a period of crisis and the repeated independence referendums have generated economic uncertainty. [78] Progress has been made in a few areas in addressing the protection of New Caledonia's ecological diversity from fire, industrial and residential development, unrestricted agricultural activity and mining (such as the judicial revocation of INCO's mining licence in June 2006 owing to claimed abuses).[79]. A wide range of marine life is present in the lagoon. Population growth has slowed down recently with a yearly increase of 0.2% between 2014 and 2019. It includes the island of New Caledonia (the Grande Terre [Mainland]), where the capital, Nouma, is located; the Loyalty Islands; the Blep Islands; and the le des Pins. What are the country's annual CO2 emissions? [40], Kanak people have recourse to customary authorities regarding civil matters such as marriage, adoption, inheritance, and some land issues. Under the Nouma Accord, signed in 1998 following a period of secessionist unrest in the 1980s and approved in a referendum, New Caledonia was granted special status. [21] American troops stationed on New Caledonia numbered as many as 50,000, matching the entire local population at the time. [105] No questions regarding the knowledge of French were asked in the 2014 and 2019 censuses due to the now almost universal knowledge of French. Education in New Caledonia is based on the French curriculum and delivered by both French teachers and French-trained teachers. [20] The French government also attempted to encourage European immigration, without much success.[20]. Physical isolation, contrasting soils, and a wide range in elevations have produced a rich indigenous flora. The name is a pun, and can be read in English as "The Caledonian News" or "Women of New Caledonia", Pacific Islands home front during World War II Employment, Kanak and Socialist National Liberation Front, referendum on full independence from France, Falcon 200 Gardian maritime surveillance aircraft, special territories of the European Union, United Nations Committee on Decolonization, United Nations list of non-self-governing territories, Administrative divisions of New Caledonia, Learn how and when to remove this template message, emits a high level of carbon dioxide per person, Evangelical Church in New Caledonia and the Loyalty Islands, Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, New Caledonia women's national volleyball team, "Structure de la population et volutions", Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies, "Evolution du PIB et du PIB par habitant", "LOI no 1999-209 du 19 mars 1999 organique relative a la Novelle Caldonie", Journal officiel de la Rpublique franaise, "Hidden boundaries of lost continent 'Zealandia' revealed in incredible detail", "New Caledonia and International Seaport History. In the 2020 referendum, this percentage dropped with 53.4% of voters choosing to remain part of France. In May 1941, they sailed to Australia and boarded the RMS Queen Elizabeth for the onward voyage to Africa. NEW CALEDONIA, A HIDDEN GEM A vast archipelago waiting to be explored New Caledonia's main island, Grande Terre, is almost 400 km long and 50 km wide The archipelago encompasses more than 140 different islands, the best known of which are the stunning Isle of Pines to the south and Loyalty Islands to the east: Ouva, Lifou, Tiga and Mar.The total surface area is 18,500 km, including the . New Caledonia has 11% of the world's nickel reserves, representing the second largest reserves on the planet. However, with the retirement of the type in 2022, it is being replaced by the Eurocopter Dauphin N3. Dry sclerophyll forests, dominated by the guaiacum (Acacia spirorbis), were once widespread at low elevations on the west coast. [70] It has a catchment area of 620km2 (240sqmi) and opens north-westward into the Baie d'Harcourt, flowing towards the northern point of the island along the western escarpment of the Mount Pani. About New Caledonia New Caledonia is a 'special collectivity' of France with the status of sui generis (latin for 'in a class by itself, unique'), a status enshrined in the French constitution. The University of New Caledonia consists of three academic departments, one institute of technology, one PhD school, and one teachers' college. More tropical gymnosperm species are endemic to New Caledonia than to any similar region on Earth. The Caldoches are usually defined as those born in New Caledonia who have ancestral ties that span back to the early French settlers. In 2019 it emitted 55.25 tons of CO2 per person, compared to 4.81 for France. The military assaulted the cave to rescue the hostages. The predominant religion is Christianity; half of the population is Roman Catholic, including most of the Europeans, West Uveans, and Vietnamese and half of the Melanesian and Polynesian minorities. [39] Clans are led by clan chiefs and constitute 341 tribes, each headed by a tribal chief. At the last census in 2019, New Caledonia had a population of 271,407. The kagu, a flightless bird, is the most unusual of some 100 endemic bird species and is now rare. Cyclonic winds are frequent late in the hot season. The Loyalty Islands consist of three main islandsOuva, Lifou, and Marand numerous small islands, the most important being Tiga.
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