When the British evacuated Florida, Spanish colonists as well as settlers from the newly formed United States came pouring in. Two major factors affected the density of Spanish settlement in the long term. Columbus made four voyages to the West Indies as the monarchs granted Columbus vast powers of governance over this unknown part of the world. Why was the Florida territory so important to Spain and the United According to the French historian Jean Dumont The Valladolid debate was a major turning point in world history In that moment in Spain appeared the dawn of the human rights. Spalding, Karen. Ultimately, the kingdom became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada first in 1717 and permanently in 1739. Although often the participants, conquistadors, are now termed soldiers, they were not paid soldiers in ranks of an army, but rather soldiers of fortune, who joined an expedition with the expectation of profiting from it. But the importation of horses transformed warfare for both the Spaniards and the indigenous. It would take another 70 years before the Spanish began to settle in California; Father Junipero Serra built Mission San Diego, the first mission in present-day California, in 1769. Tribute goods in Mexico were most usually lengths of cotton cloth, woven by women, and maize and other foodstuffs produced by men. [151] Christopher Columbus: The Discovery (1992) has Georges Corroface as Columbus with Marlon Brando as Toms de Torquemada and Tom Selleck as King Ferdinand and Rachel Ward as Queen Isabela. Tallahassee, Florida 32399-0250, Agency Clerk and Statement of Agency Organization and Operation. The expansion of Spain's territory took place under the Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile, Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand, King of Aragon, whose marriage marked the beginning of Spanish power beyond the Iberian peninsula. [13] The Spanish colonization of the Americas began in 1493 on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola after the initial 1492 voyage of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus under license from the Queen Isabella I of Castile. colonization of the Americas - Students - Britannica Kids London, England: Penguin Classics. At the same time, there were a number of improvements in shipbuilding and navigation, making it possible to travel farther and for longer periods of time. Between 1530 and 1536 Jalisco and other Pacific coast regions were conquered by Nuo de Guzmn. Since in central and southern Mexico (Mesoamerica) and the highland Andes indigenous peoples had existing traditions of payment of tribute and required labor service, the Spanish could tap into these systems to extract wealth. The Libertadores (Spanish and Portuguese for "Liberators") were the principal leaders of the Spanish American wars of independence. The Spanish conquest of Yucatn, the Spanish conquest of Guatemala, the conquest of the Purpecha of Michoacan, the war of Mexico's west, and the Chichimeca War in northern Mexico expanded Spanish control over territory and indigenous populations stretching thousands of miles. Patterns of the first Spanish settlements in the Caribbean were to endure there and had a lasting impact on the Spanish Empire. To this end, missions were founded in present-day Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Californiaindeed, anywhere the Spaniards had influence. Rowe, John. Phone: 850.245.6500, R.A. Gray Building [7] Expeditions required authorization by the crown, which laid out the terms of such expedition. [150] With the 1992 commemoration (and critique) of Columbus, more cinematic and television depictions of the era appeared, including a TV miniseries with Gabriel Byrne as Columbus. The profits from Spanish expedition flowed to Castile. New York: Cambridge University Press 1994. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrading1971 (, Kuethe, Allan J. In 1898, the United States achieved victory in the SpanishAmerican War with Spain, ending the Spanish colonial era. The Franciscans arrived first in 1525 in a group of twelve, the Twelve Apostles of Mexico. Pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, and chickens allowed Spaniards to eat a diet with which they were familiar. In the Indies, corregimiento initially functioned to bring control over Spanish settlers who exploited the indigenous populations held in encomienda, in order to protect the shrinking indigenous populations and prevent the formation of an aristocracy of conquerors and powerful settlers. Far more famous now is Lope de Aguirre, who led a mutiny against Ursa, who was murdered. The Spanish network needed a port city so that inland settlements could be connected by sea to Spain. Did Spain first colonize California? [161], The Mission was a 1996 film idealizing a Jesuit mission to the Guaran in the territory disputed between Spain and Portugal. Two years later, they destroyed the Spanish missions between Tallahassee and St. Augustine, killing many native people and enslaving many others. Spain evacuated Florida after the exchange, leaving the province virtually empty. It is estimated that during the colonial period (14921832), a total of 1.86million Spaniards settled in the Americas, and a further 3.5million immigrated during the post-colonial era (18501950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century and most during the 18th century, as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon dynasty.[2]. Potos (founded 1545) was in the zone of dense indigenous settlement, so that labor could be mobilized on traditional patterns to extract the ore. An important element for productive mining was mercury for processing high-grade ore. Peru had a source in Huancavelica (founded 1572), while Mexico had to rely on mercury imported from Spain. These were often led by secondary leaders, such as Pedro de Alvarado. Vol. [18][19], It wasn't until[when?] In the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region. Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos denounced Spanish cruelty and abuse in a sermon in 1511, which comes down to us in the writings of Dominican friar Bartolom de las Casas. Disease and overwork, disruption of family life and the agricultural cycle (which caused severe food shortages to Spaniards dependent on them) rapidly decimated the indigenous population. Spanish expansion into modern-day Mexico that Spanish explorers were able to find wealth on the scale that they had been hoping for. Floridawas a Royal colony like all Spanish colonies. Another failed attempt was conducted by Lucas Vzquez de Aylln, who set out with approximately 500 colonists and established the settlement of San Miguel de Gualdape in modern-day South Carolina in 1526.[44]. [153] A 2010 film, Even the Rain starring Gael Garca Bernal, is set in modern Cochabamba, Bolivia during the Cochabamba Water War, following a film crew shooting a controversial life of Columbus. The Spanish dreamed of mountains of gold and silver and imagined converting thousands . Viceroyalties were the largest territory unit of administration in the civil and religious spheres and the boundaries of civil and ecclesiastical governance coincided by design, to ensure crown control over both bureaucracies. Within this frontier the city of Concepcin assumed the role of "military capital" of Spanish-ruled Chile. The cabildo was composed of the prominent residents (vecinos) of the municipality, so that governance was restricted to a male elite, with majority of the population exercising power. [48] The crown later sent him to Asuncin, Paraguay to be adelantado there. For almost 200 years, until the colonies fought and won their independence, England benefited financially from the relationship with its North American colonies. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992. They founded the towns of Coro and Maracaibo. The pope was the head of the Catholic Church, but the granting of the Patronato Real to the Spanish monarchy gave the king the power of appointment (patronage) of ecclesiastics. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. Europeans immigrated from various provinces of Spain, with initial waves of emigration consisting of more men than women. 15501600) to subdue them, but peace was only achieved by Spaniards making significant donations of food and other commodities the Chichimeca demanded. Miller, Gary. By then, however, a new, expanding nation had formed to the north-the United States. They left England later than they had planned, and their ship was blown off course. Cattle multiplied quickly in areas where little else could turn a profit for Spaniards, including northern Mexico and the Argentine pampas. Stanford University Press, 2004. He was driven from his home by the thousands, starved, beaten, raped, and murdered with impunity. [157] The story of Doa Marina, also known as Malinche, was the subject of a Mexican TV miniseries in 2018. Gonzalo Jimnez de Quesada was the leading conquistador with his brother Hernn second in command. Often they erected a church on the site of an indigenous temple. Why did Spain colonize Florida and the Rio Grande valley? A. The [108] Although constituted as the highest judicial authority in their territorial jurisdiction, they also had executive and legislative authority, and served as the executive on an interim basis. They established the colony of Klein-Venedig in 1528. parliament), administrative or ecclesiastical institution, or seigneurial group. The capital Lima was built near the Pacific coast. Later conquests in Mexico were protracted campaigns with less immediate results than the conquest of the Aztec Empire. Spaniards had some knowledge of the existing indigenous practices of labor and tribute, so that learning in more detail what tribute particular regions delivered to the Aztec Empire prompted the creation of Codex Mendoza, a codification for Spanish use. Aguirre subsequently wrote a letter to Philip II bitterly complaining about the treatment of conquerors like himself in the wake of the assertion of crown control over Peru. [147] With only a small labor force to draw on, ranching was an ideal economic activity for some regions. Rachel Sanderson Slavery took hold in Florida under the Spanish in the 'forgotten century' of 1492-1619. Cacao beans for chocolate emerged as an export product as Europeans developed a taste for sweetened chocolate. Pedro Menndez de Avils hastened across the Atlantic, his sights set on removing the French and creating a Spanish settlement. Even by the mid-1510s, the western Caribbean was largely unexplored by Spaniards. For the Spaniards Tlaxcalan allies, their crucial support gained them enduring political legacy into the modern era, the Mexican state of Tlaxcala.[23][24]. "Cook, Sherburne F. 1976b. He then founded the settlement of La Isabela on the island they named Hispaniola (now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic). In Peru, Spaniards founded the city of Lima as their capital and its nearby port of Callao, rather than the high-altitude site of Cuzco, the center of Inca rule. The Aztecs did not govern over an empire in the conventional sense, but were the hegemons of a confederation of dozens of city-states, tribes and other polities; the status of each varied from harshly subjugated to closely allied. Indigenous elites could use the noble titles don and doa, were exempt from the head-tax, and could entail their landholdings into cacicazgos. Ships and cargoes were registered, and emigrants vetted to prevent migration of anyone not of old Christian heritage, (i.e., with no Jewish or Muslim ancestry), and facilitated the migration of families and women. For other uses, see, Ecological conquests and demographic catastrophe, Assertion of royal control in the early Caribbean, Civil administrative districts, provinces, Frontier institutions presidio and mission, Early economy of indigenous tribute and labor. Spain wanted to protect its colony in Mexico from other Europeans. The British had ambitious plans for Florida. In New England, the colonies engaged in fishing, lumber, and shipbuilding. Missions in northern Florida, such as those at St. Augustine and Apalachee (present-day Tallahassee), survived for many years. The Aztecs under Spanish Rule. [75], The treasury officials were appointed by the king, and were largely independent of the authority of the viceroy, audiencia president or governor. The British Empire offered support, wanting to end the Spanish monopoly on trade with its colonies in the Americas. The New Laws of 1542 were the result, limiting the power of encomenderos, the private holders of grants to indigenous labor previously held in perpetuity. From the Spanish viewpoint, their source of labor and viability of their own settlements was at risk. He accomplished his goal of expelling the French, attacking and killing all settlers except for non-combatants and Frenchmen who professed belief in the Roman Catholic faith. Florida Became a British Colony. Native Americans in that region wanted to trade with the Spanish. It became the second-most valuable export from Spanish America after silver.[149]. "Not a Man of Contradiction: Zumrraga as Protector and Inquisitor of the Indigenous People of Central Mexico." Although Spaniards had hoped to find vast quantities of gold, the discovery of large quantities of silver became the motor of the Spanish colonial economy, a major source of income for the Spanish crown, and transformed the international economy. Charles sought to be elected Holy Roman Emperor and was willing to pay whatever it took to achieve that. Why did Spain colonize Florida and the Rio Grande valley? Among them were the separatists, a group of people who believed the Church of England to be corrupt and thus sought to break from it. The Spanish Colonization of Florida - HistoryMiami Museum [81] In Mexico, Don Martn Corts, the son and legal heir of conqueror Hernn Corts, and other heirs of encomiendas led a failed revolt against the crown. I hope that this answer has helped you. On the death, unauthorized absence, retirement or removal of a governor, the treasury officials would jointly govern the province until a new governor appointed by the king could take up his duties. Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs, but they remained separate kingdoms. [132] The crown expelled the Jesuits from Spain and The Indies in 1767 during the Bourbon Reforms. Transfer of Florida. Free and enslaved Africans were a feature of New Spain throughout the colonial period. [118] In order to control the municipal life, the Crown ordered the appointment of corregidores and alcaldes mayores to exert greater political control and judicial functions in minor districts. Another important export product was cochineal, a color-fast red dye made from dried insects living on cacti. Spaniards continued to expand their presence in the circum-Caribbean region with expeditions. [53] The capitals of Mexico and Peru, Mexico City and Lima came to have large concentrations of Spanish settlers and became the hubs of royal and ecclesiastical administration, large commercial enterprises and skilled artisans, and centers of culture. A few fledgling Spanish settlements were established nearby, but clashes with Native Americans who lived there, and the lack of gold or other riches made many of them short-lived. Led by Colonel James Moore, the Carolinians and their Creek Indian allies attacked Spanish Florida in 1702 and destroyed the town of St. Augustine. [152] 1492: The Conquest of Paradise stars Grard Depardieu as Columbus and Sigourney Weaver as Queen Isabel. [137][138][139], The largest population in Spanish America was and remained indigenous, what Spaniards called "Indians" (indios), a category that did not exist before the arrival of the Europeans. She or he will best know the preferred format. There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa Mara la Antigua del Darin. In the eighteenth-century reforms, the Viceroyalty of Peru was reorganized, splitting off portions to form the Viceroyalty of New Granada (Colombia) (1739) and the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (Argentina) (1776), leaving Peru with jurisdiction over Peru, Charcas, and Chile. In 1562 the French protestant Jean Ribault explored the area. [154][155] A 1995 Bolivian-made film is in some ways similar to Even the Rain is To Hear the Birds Singing, with a modern film crew going to an indigenous settlement to shoot a film about the Spanish conquest and end up replicating aspects of the conquest. In colonial Mexico, there are petitions to the king about a variety of issues important to particular indigenous communities when the noblemen did not get a favorable response from the local friar or priest or local royal officials. The History of Florida Explained in 10 Minutes Why did Spain colonize Florida? The diocesan clergy) (also called the secular clergy were under the direct authority of bishops, who were appointed by the crown, through the power granted by the pope in the Patronato Real. In 1818 Andrew Jackson led U.S. Army soldiers into Florida in the First Seminole War, which pushed the Seminoles further south and demonstrated Spanish Floridas inability to defend its northern border. The French continued to harass Spanish Florida's western border and captured Pensacola in 1719, twenty-one years after the town had been established. Conquistadores and Spanish colonization Columbus's discovery opened a floodgate of Spanish exploration. All rights reserved. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. 1531); Guadalajara (153142); Valladolid (now Morelia), (152941); Antequera (now Oaxaca(152529); Campeche (1541); and Mrida. [60] The crown sought to establish and maintain control over its overseas possessions through a complex, hierarchical bureaucracy, which in many ways was decentralized. [10] They were predominantly criollos (Americas-born people of European ancestry, mostly Spanish or Portuguese), bourgeois and influenced by liberalism and in some cases with military training in the mother country. [41][a] For political reasons, Spain would sometimes claim that La Florida[b] was all of the North American continent. In 1528, for example, Pnfilo de Narvez landed near Tampa Bay and headed north; Hernando De Soto arrived on the Gulf Coast in 1539 and began a four-year trek across Florida and the American South. The Spanish colonization of the Americas started under the Crest of Castile and was led down by the Spanish conquistadors. Audiencia judgments and other functions became more tied to the locality and less to the crown and impartial justice. The opportunity to make money was one of the primary motivators for the colonization of the New World. Horses that escaped Spanish control were captured by indigenous; many indigenous also raided for horses. [80], The indigenous populations in the Caribbean became the focus of the crown in its roles as sovereigns of the empire and patron of the Catholic Church. [66], The politics of asserting royal authority to oppose Columbus resulted in the suppression of his privileges and the creation of territorial governance under royal authority. Why did Spain colonize Florida and the Rio Grande valley? The Kingdom of Portugal authorized a series of voyages down the coast of Africa and when they rounded the southern tip, were able to sail to India and further east. The veedor, or overseer, position quickly disappeared in most jurisdictions, subsumed into the position of factor. Spaniards had seen the disappearance of the indigenous populations in the Caribbean, and with that, the disappearance of their main source of wealth, propelling Spaniards to expand their regions of control. Britain attempted to attract white settlers by offering land on which to settle and help for those who produced products for export. Farriss, Nancy Marguerite. Among the foodstuffs that became staples in European cuisine and could be grown there were tomatoes, squashes, bell peppers, and to a lesser extent, chili peppers; also nuts of various kinds: walnut]]s, cashews, pecans, and peanuts. The most prominent example is in Puebla, Mexico, when Bishop Juan de Palafox y Mendoza was driven from his bishopric by the Jesuits. Native Americans in that region wanted to trade with the Spanish. Menndez captured Fort Caroline and renamed it San Mateo. At that time, St. Augustine was still a garrison community with fewer than five hundred houses, and Pensacola also was a small military town. The creation of the ecclesiastical hierarchy of the diocesan clergy marked a turning point in the crown's control over the religious sphere. In southern Central and South America, settlements were founded in Panama (1519); Len, Nicaragua (1524); Cartagena (1532); Piura (1532); Quito (1534); Trujillo (1535); Cali (1537) Bogot (1538); Quito (1534); Cuzco 1534); Lima (1535); Tunja, (1539); Huamanga (1539); Arequipa (1540); Santiago de Chile (1544) and Concepcin, Chile (1550). [96][97] For the Andean area, there are an increasing number of publications as well. Under Florida law, e-mail addresses are public records. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. [141][142][143] In Mexico, the labor force had to be lured from elsewhere in the colony, and was not based on traditional systems of rotary labor. Andrew Jackson, moving southward from George, was constantly battling these tribes. Motivations for Colonization - National Geographic Society 1, pp. Pedro Menendez de Aviles Claims Florida for Spain They pursued a policy of joint rule of their kingdoms and created the initial stage of a single Spanish monarchy, completed under the eighteenth-century Bourbon monarchs. Queen Isabel was the first monarch that laid the first stone for the protection of the indigenous peoples in her testament in which the Catholic monarch prohibited the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Caeque, Alejandro "The Political and Institutional History of Colonial Spanish America", Weber, David J. However, their stories helped inform Europeans about Florida and its relationship to Cuba, Mexico, and Central and South America, from which Spain regularly shipped gold, silver, and other products. 84-85. 500 South Bronough Street In the twentieth century, there have been a number of films depicting the life of Christopher Columbus. On 12 October 1492, Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus made landfall in the Western Hemisphere, and in 1493 permanent Spanish settlement of the Americas began.[4]. [111] This direct correspondence of the Audiencia with the Council of the Indies made it possible for the council to give the Audiencia direction on general aspects of government.[108]. The conquest of central Mexico sparked further Spanish conquests, following the pattern of conquered and consolidated regions being the launching point for further expeditions. The protection of the indigenous populations from enslavement and exploitation by Spanish settlers were established in the Laws of Burgos, 15121513. The end of the Habsburg dynasty in 1700 saw major administrative reforms in the eighteenth century under the Bourbon monarchy, starting with the first Spanish Bourbon monarch, Philip V (r. 17001746) and reaching its apogee under Charles III (r. 17591788). De Soto and his soldiers camped for five months in the area now known as Tallahassee. But the indigenous allies had much to gain by throwing off Aztec rule. The rural regions remained highly indigenous, with little interface between the large numbers of indigenous and the small numbers of the Repblica de Espaoles, which included Blacks and mixed-race castas. Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. [citation needed]. Europeans imported enslaved Africans to the early Caribbean settlements to replace indigenous labor and enslaved and free Africans were part of colonial-era populations. Don Martn was sent into exile, while other conspirators were executed. The diocese was in turn divided into smaller units, the parish, staffed by a parish priest. Archbishop Juan Rodrguez de Fonseca, Isabella's confessor, was tasked with reining in Columbus's independence. Chocolate and vanilla were cultivated in Mexico and exported to Europe. Zumrraga was reprimanded for his actions as exceeding his authority. Mexico - Spanish Conquest, Aztec Empire, Colonialism | Britannica [123], As the empire expanded into areas of less dense indigenous populations, the crown created a chain of presidios, military forts or garrisons, that provided Spanish settlers protection from Indian attacks. Viceroys were responsible for good governance of their territories, economic development, and humane treatment of the indigenous populations.[107]. Spain soon grew rich from ample deposits of gold and silver in Mexico, Central America, and South America.In addition to the quest for gold, however, Spain sought to spread Christianity. Farmers and merchants followed. The ideas from the French and the American Revolution influenced the efforts. The Virginia Company of London established the Jamestown colony to make a profit for its investors. On another voyage in 1521, Ponce de Len landed on the southwestern coast of the peninsula, accompanied by two-hundred people, fifty horses, and numerous beasts of burden. However, noblemen became defenders of the rights to land and water controlled by their communities. He eventually became an officer in the Spanish navy. t. e. France began colonizing the Americas in the 16th century and continued into the following centuries as it established a colonial empire in the Western Hemisphere. [101], During the early colonial period, the crown authorized friars of Catholic religious orders (Franciscans, Dominicans, and Augustinians) to function as priests during the conversion of indigenous populations. The structure of the hierarchy was in many ways parallel to that of civil governance. The Former Spanish Colonies - WorldAtlas In the fall of 1528, Spanish explorer lvar Nez Cabeza de Vaca landed on present day Follet's Island, Texas. Cook, Noble David. The English colonists in the Carolina colonies were particularly hostile toward Spain. MacIas, Rosario Marquez; Macas, Rosario Mrquez (1995). Venezuela: The Colonial Era in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Viceroys served as the vice-patron of the Catholic Church, including the Inquisition, established in the seats of the viceroyalties (Mexico City and Lima). House of Welser in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. Farther south, colonies provided tobacco, rice, and indigo. Spaniards saw the dense populations of indigenous peoples as an important economic resource and the territory claimed as potentially producing great wealth for individual Spaniards and the crown. [c] Shortly after founding Santa Fe, Oate was recalled to Mexico City by the Spanish authorities. [111] Besides court of justice, the Audiencias had functions of government as counterweight the authority of the viceroys, since they could communicate with both the Council of the Indies and the king without the requirement of requesting authorization from the viceroy. The crown of Castile financed more of his trans-Atlantic journeys, a pattern they would not repeat elsewhere. Europeans had become accustomed to the goods from Asia, such as the silk, spices, and pottery that had for centuries traveled the Silk Road. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, pp. As the colonial economy became more diversified and less dependent on these mechanisms for the accumulation of wealth, the indigenous noblemen became less important for the economy. These overseas territories of the Spanish Empire were under the jurisdiction of Crown of Castile until the last territory was . "The Incas Under Spanish Colonial Institutions". This was only 21 years after Columbus first set foot in the Bahamas and initiated Spanish colonization of the Americas. Ovando fitted out Magellan's voyage of circumnavigation, and became the first President of the Council of the Indies in 1524. [90] A similar legal apparatus was set up in Lima.[91]. Their role in judicial affairs and in overseeing the implementation of royal legislation made their decisions important for the communities they served." Slavery took hold in Florida under the Spanish in the 'forgotten Spanish Florida - Wikipedia "The Bourbon Reforms" in, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Latin_American_History_and_Culture1996 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBedini1992 (, Cook, Noble David.
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