[80] The relatively novel concept of "frontier" (Sp: frontera), already reported in Aragon by the second half of the 11th century become widespread in the Christian Iberian kingdoms by the beginning of the 13th century, in relation to the more or less conflictual border with Muslim lands. France (part of the French department of Pyrnes-Orientales). Spain is a country located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula to the south of France and Andorra and to the east of Portugal. The Iberian Peninsula is one of the worlds biodiversity hotspots. The other climate experienced on the peninsula is the Mediterranean climate, characterized by varying temperatures and precipitation. The Iberian Peninsula features one of the largest Lithium deposits belts in Europe (an otherwise relatively scarce resource in the continent), scattered along the Iberian Massif's Central Iberian Zone[es] and Galicia Tras-Os-Montes Zone[es]. [c] The Christian kingdoms progressively expanded south taking over Muslim territory in what is historiographically known as the "Reconquista" (the latter concept has been however noted as product of the claim to a pre-existing Spanish Catholic nation and it would not necessarily convey adequately "the complexity of centuries of warring and other more peaceable interactions between Muslim and Christian kingdoms in medieval Iberia between 711 and 1492"). [17] The Roman geographers and other prose writers from the time of the late Roman Republic called the entire peninsula Hispania. [21] The river appears in the Ebro Treaty of 226 BCE between Rome and Carthage, setting the limit of Carthaginian interest at the Ebro. Castile, extending across a 60% of the territory of the peninsula and having 80% of the population was a rather urbanised country, yet with a widespread distribution of cities. [103] The peninsulas economy largely depends on the economy of Spain and Portugal. The oceanic climate, dominant along the Atlantic coastal regions, is characterized by cool summers and relatively even temperatures. Elsewhere[12] he says that Saguntum is "on the seaward foot of the range of hills connecting Iberia and Celtiberia.". The lasting consequences of the resounding Muslim defeat to an alliance of Castile and Portugal with naval support from Aragon and Genoa ensured Christian supremacy over the Iberian Peninsula and the preeminence of Christian fleets in the Western Mediterranean. [107], For three decades in the 15th century, the Hermandad de las Marismas, the trading association formed by the ports of Castile along the Cantabrian coast, resembling in some ways the Hanseatic League, fought against the latter,[citation needed] an ally of England, a rival of Castile in political and economic terms. [7] Hecataeus of Miletus was the first known to use the term Iberia, which he wrote about circa 500 BCE. Portugal meanwhile achieved 69%, above the EU average, but still below the EU median. What was the importance of the Iberian peninsula? Some of the native species include Pyrenean desman, shrew, and European hedgehog. The Roman army occupied the peninsula around 213 BC after successfully fighting the Carthaginians. [131] Some striking differences appeared among the different Iberian realms. The term is used by modern historians for the former Islamic states in modern Spain and Portugal. Under Tariq ibn Ziyad, the Islamic army landed at Gibraltar and, in an eight-year campaign, occupied all except the northern kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula in the Umayyad conquest of Hispania. [79], Somewhat straying from the trend taking place in other locations of the Latin West since the 10th century, the period comprising the 11th and 13th centuries was not one of weakening monarchical power in the Christian kingdoms. It is the peninsulas smallest country, covering 468 square kilometers. [38], The culture of the motillas, developed an early system of groundwater supply plants (the so-called motillas) in the upper Guadiana basin (in the southern meseta) in a context of extreme aridification in the area in the wake of the 4.2-kiloyear climatic event, which roughly coincided with the transition from the Copper Age to the Bronze Age. "At the beginning of the period 1000 to 1400, the Umayyad caliphate collapses, fragmenting Islamic power in the Iberian Peninsula. The Pyrenees range is often considered the northeastern boundary of Iberian Peninsula, although the French coastline curves away from the rest of Europe north of the range, which is the reason why Perpignan, which is also known as the capital of Northern Catalonia, is often considered as the entrance to the Iberian Peninsula. Many Jews and Muslims fled to North Africa and the Ottoman Empire, while others publicly converted to Christianity and became known respectively as Marranos and Moriscos (after the old term Moors). [1] [64] The slave population comprised the aqliba (literally meaning "slavs", although they were slaves of generic European origin) as well as Sudanese slaves. In the 8th century BCE, the first Greek colonies, such as Emporion (modern Empries), were founded along the Mediterranean coast on the east, leaving the south coast to the Phoenicians. Other mountain systems are Montes de Toledo, Sierra Morena, and Baetic System. It extends from Punta de Tarifa on the extreme south to Punta de Estaca de Bares on the northern extremity. El territorio y la hidrografa espaola: ros, cuencas y vertientes", "Population on 1 January by broad age group, sex and metropolitan regions", "Migration pattern of Curlew Sandpipers Calidris ferruginea on the south-western coastline of the Iberian Peninsula", "Distribution of estuarine waders wintering in the Iberian Peninsula in 19781982", "El misterioso origen del euskera, el idioma ms antiguo de Europa", "El latn en Hispania: la romanizacin de la Pennsula Ibrica. In 1391, mobs went from town to town throughout Castile and Aragon, killing an estimated 50,000 Jews,[95][96][97][98][99] or even as many as 100,000, according to Jane Gerber. [189] Years of studies have, however, made no real progress thus far. [59] The Muslim population was divided per ethnicity (Arabs, Berbers, Mulad), and the supremacy of Arabs over the rest of group was a recurrent causal for strife, rivalry and hatred, particularly between Arabs and Berbers. The Ethnicity of the Iberian Peninsula: DNA Examined Preceded by the Chalcolithic sites of Los Millares, the Argaric culture flourished in southeastern Iberia in from 2200 BC to 1550 BC,[33] when depopulation of the area ensued along with disappearing of copperbronzearsenic metallurgy. The peninsula is also a popular stopover for most migratory birds because it is Africa and Northern Europes closest stopover. Spain has progressively introduced the 1,435mm standard gauge in its new high-speed rail network (one of the most extensive in the world),[182] inaugurated in 1992 with the MadridSeville line, followed to name a few by the MadridBarcelona (2008), MadridValencia (2010), an Alicante branch of the latter (2013) and the connection to France of the Barcelona line. Battle of Tours, also called Battle of Poitiers, (October 732), victory won by Charles Martel, the de facto ruler of the Frankish kingdoms, over Muslim invaders from Spain. Fun fact! However, Balearic Islands remained in Byzantine hands until Umayyad conquest in 707. Europe: Physical Geography - National Geographic Society Between 1808 and 1814, the British Army fought a war in the Iberian Peninsula against the invading forces of Napoleon's France. [120][121], The change of relative supremacy from Portugal to the Hispanic Monarchy in the late 15th century has been described as one of the few cases of avoidance of the Thucydides Trap. An aerial view Gibraltar from the air, looking north-west. A History of the Iberian Peninsula, as Told by Its Skeletons Iberian Peninsula, peninsula in southwestern Europe, occupied by Spain and Portugal. [91] The plague marked the start of the hostility and downright violence towards religious minorities (particularly the Jews) as an additional consequence in the Iberian realms. Whatever languages may generally have been spoken on the peninsula soon gave way to Latin, except for that of the Vascones, which was preserved as a language isolate by the barrier of the Pyrenees. [187], The prospect of the development (as part of a European-wide effort) of the Central, Mediterranean and Atlantic rail corridors is expected to be a way to improve the competitiveness of the ports of Tarragona, Valencia, Sagunto, Bilbao, Santander, Sines and Algeciras vis--vis the rest of Europe and the World. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [117], In 1497, King Manuel I of Portugal forced all Jews in his kingdom to convert or leave. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Spain, country located in extreme southwestern Europe. It forms an irregular octagonal shape resembling an ox-hide. It features some of Europes important geographical features such as rivers, mountains, and coastal plains. The Tagus is the longest river on the peninsula and, like the Douro, flows westwards with its lower course in Portugal. Its name derives from its ancient inhabitants whom the Greeks called Iberians, probably for the Ebro (Iberus), the peninsula's second longest river (after the Tagus ). [93] The Hundred Years' War also spilled over into the Iberian peninsula, with Castile particularly taking a role in the conflict by providing key naval support to France that helped lead to that nation's eventual victory. [86] The Portuguese would later detach their trade to some extent from Genoese influence. Portugal is the peninsulas largest country. Al-Andalus - Wikipedia Muslim Conquest of Spain - IslamiCity [166] The relatively weak integration of the network favours a competitive approach vis--vis the inter-relation between the different centres. Ribatejo Province on the Tagus supports Recurvirostra arosetta, grey plover, dunlin, bar-tailed godwit and common redshank. [119] However, many of these continued to practice their religion in secret. Also important from this study was the fact that not all Irish (or the . Al-Andalus (Arabic: , tr. It became one of the great Muslim civilisations; reaching its summit with the Umayyad caliphate of Cordovain the. 3 Chapter 2. In the north, between the continental shelf and the abyss, is an extension called the Galicia Bank, a plateau that also contains the Porto, Vigo, and Vasco da Gama seamounts, which form the Galicia interior basin. The current political configuration of the Iberian Peninsula comprises the bulk of Portugal and Spain, the whole microstate of Andorra, a small part of the French department of Pyrnes-Orientales (French Cerdagne), and the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. Portugals other populous city is Porto, with 1.7 million people. Their most important colony was Carthago Nova (modern-day Cartagena, Spain). The Guadiana river bends southwards and forms the border between Spain and Portugal in the last stretch of its course. After the death of Peter the Cruel of Castile (reigned 135069), the House of Trastmara succeeded to the throne in the person of Peter's half brother, Henry II (reigned 136979). [135], The 17th century has been largely considered as a very negative period for the Iberian economies, seen as a time of recession, crisis or even decline,[136] the urban dynamism chiefly moving to Northern Europe. Credence in Polybius imposes certain limitations on etymologizing: if the language remains unknown, the meanings of the words, including Iber, must also remain unknown. In 218 BCE, during the Second Punic War against the Carthaginians, the first Roman troops occupied the Iberian Peninsula, known to them as Hispania. 8 Facts About the Celts | HISTORY The Muslims named the peninsula Al-Andalus, meaning land of the Vandals. The Muslim population included Arabs, Muladi, and Berbers. Experts have debated whether these skeletons belong to the species Homo erectus, Homo heidelbergensis, or a new species called Homo antecessor. Neanderthals occupied the peninsula around 200,000 BP. Hiber (Iberian) was thus used as a term for peoples living near the river Ebro. Several rivers flow through the Peninsula, including Tagus, Douro, Ebro, and Guadiana. The seafaring Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians successively settled along the Mediterranean coast and founded trading colonies there over a period of several centuries. Central Spain experiences a semi-arid climate, while the Sierra Nevada region experiences a desert climate. NEW VERSION #10", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iberian_Peninsula&oldid=1166912983. Spain ranks 25th out of 33 European countries in the English Proficiency Index. About three quarters of that rough octagon is the Meseta Central, a vast plateau ranging from 610 to 760 m in altitude. The Iberian Peninsula During Antiquity. Omissions? With an area of approximately 583,254 square kilometres (225,196sqmi),[1] and a population of roughly 53 million,[2] it is the second-largest European peninsula by area, after the Scandinavian Peninsula. [109] In 1419, the powerful Castilian navy thoroughly defeated a Hanseatic fleet in La Rochelle. Despite both Portugal and Spain starting their path towards modernization with the liberal revolutions of the first half of the 19th century, this process was, concerning structural changes in the geographical distribution of the population, relatively tame compared to what took place after World War II in the Iberian Peninsula, when strong urban development ran in parallel to substantial rural flight patterns.[141]. Al-Andalus | Facts, History, & Maps | Britannica Iberia experienced a significant genetic turnover, with 100% of the paternal ancestry and 40% of the overall ancestry being replaced by peoples with steppe-related ancestry. Llanito is a unique language in the territory, an amalgamation of mostly English and Spanish. It also occupies much of the landform, including the northwest, east, and central parts. [108] Castile sought to claim the Gulf of Biscay as its own. In the early fifth century, Germanic peoples occupied the peninsula, namely the Suebi, the Vandals (Silingi and Hasdingi) and their allies, the Alans. [129] During the Iberian union, the "first great wave" of the transatlantic slave trade happened, according to Enriqueta Vila Villar, as new markets opened because of the unification gave thrust to the slave trade. During the reign of Philip II of Spain (I of Portugal), the Councils of Portugal, Italy, Flanders and Burgundy were added to the group of counselling institutions of the Hispanic Monarchy, to which the Councils of Castile, Aragon, Indies, Chamber of Castile, Inquisition, Orders, and Crusade already belonged, defining the organization of the Royal court that underpinned the polysinodial system[es] through which the empire operated. It is unclear what the word Hiber or Iber mean. [89] The conflict reached a climax in the 1340 Battle of Ro Salado, when, this time in alliance with Granada, the Marinid Sultan (and Caliph pretender) Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman made the last Marinid attempt to set up a power base in the Iberian Peninsula. France is represented on the peninsula by the Pyrenees-Orientales and accounts for about 0.1% of the total area or 539 square kilometers. (siglos XIV-XV). The submarine topography of the coastal waters of the Iberian Peninsula has been studied extensively in the process of drilling for oil. [51] The peninsula was also the battleground of civil wars between rulers of the Roman republic, such as the Sertorian War or the conflict between Caesar and Pompey later in the century.[52]. [88], Between 1275 and 1340, Granada became involved in the "crisis of the Strait", and was caught in a complex geopolitical struggle ("a kaleidoscope of alliances") with multiple powers vying for dominance of the Western Mediterranean, complicated by the unstable relations of Muslim Granada with the Marinid Sultanate. Iberians - Wikipedia On the Iberian Peninsula, modern humans developed a series of different cultures, such as the Aurignacian, Gravettian, Solutrean and Magdalenian cultures, some of them characterized by the complex forms of the art of the Upper Paleolithic. [3] At that time, the name did not describe a single geographical entity or a distinct population; the same name was used for the Kingdom of Iberia, natively known as Kartli in the Caucasus, the core region of what would later become the Kingdom of Georgia. The Goths were a nomadic Germanic people who fought against Roman rule in the late 300s and early 400s A.D., helping to bring about the downfall of the Roman Empire, which had controlled much of. The Iberian Peninsula, just like the rest of the continent of Europe, is made up of made different ethnic groups, or descendants of distinct ethnic groups. The Moriscos revolted several times and were ultimately forcibly expelled from Spain in the early 17th century. The Visigoths arrived much later and occupied the whole of the peninsula, expelling other tribes except the Suebi people. The modern phrase "Iberian Peninsula" was coined by the French geographer Jean-Baptiste Bory de Saint-Vincent on his 1823 work "Guide du Voyageur en Espagne". [30][31] During the Early Bronze Age, southeastern Iberia saw the emergence of important settlements, a development that has compelled some archeologists to propose that these settlements indicate the advent of state-level social structures. [91] Many settlements in northern Castile and Catalonia were left forsaken. [132] Meanwhile, the urban population in the Crown of Aragon was highly concentrated in a handful of cities: Zaragoza (Kingdom of Aragon), Barcelona (Principality of Catalonia), and, to a lesser extent in the Kingdom of Valencia, in Valencia, Alicante and Orihuela. [6] With the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the consolidation of romanic languages, the word "Iberia" continued the Roman word "Hiberia" and the Greek word "". Gibraltar, located on the southern tip, occupies only 7 square kilometers on the peninsula. [48][49], In addition to mineral extraction (of which the region was the leading supplier in the early Roman world, with production of the likes of gold, silver, copper, lead, and cinnabar), Hispania also produced manufactured goods (sigillata pottery, colourless glass, linen garments) fish and fish sauce (garum), dry crops (such as wheat and, more importantly, esparto), olive oil, and wine. The Iberian Peninsula experiences two main climate types. However, according to the Basque speakers, the word ibar means watered meadow or valley, while ibai stands for river. But, there is no evidence linking the two Basque words to River Ebro. The name Iberian is often used to refer to Portugal and Spain. [183] Portugal however suspended all the high-speed rail projects in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, putting an end for the time being to the possibility of a high-speed rail connection between Lisbon, Porto and Madrid. [90], The 13481350 bubonic plague devastated large parts of the Iberian Peninsula, leading to a sudden economic cessation. Known as al-Andalus, the territory became a . Pliny goes so far as to assert that the Greeks had called "the whole of Spain" Hiberia because of the Hiberus River. It continued to exist until around 30,000 BP, when Neanderthal man faced extinction. The early range of these natives, which geographers and historians place from the present southern Spain to the present southern France along the Mediterranean coast, is marked by instances of a readable script expressing a yet unknown language, dubbed "Iberian". [188], In 1980, Morocco and Spain started a joint study on the feasibility of a fixed link (tunnel or bridge) across the Strait of Gibraltar, possibly through a connection of Punta Paloma[es] with Cape Malabata. [136] A dismantling of the inner city network in the Castilian plateau took place during this period (with a parallel accumulation of economic activity in the capital, Madrid), with only New Castile resisting recession in the interior. However, around 584, they took control of the Suebi Kingdom, including Bracara (Braga). Basque is the only non-Indo-European surviving language in Iberia and Western Europe.[174]. Explanation: Enclosure devastated the financially precarious farmers and workers of England. The coastline of the Iberian Peninsula is 3,313km (2,059mi), 1,660km (1,030mi) on the Mediterranean side and 1,653km (1,027mi) on the Atlantic side. During the Neolithic expansion, various megalithic cultures developed in the Iberian Peninsula. From ancient times various Mediterranean civilizations came, attracted by mineral and agricultural potential. [citation needed], Challenging the conventions about the advent of modernity, Immanuel Wallerstein pushed back the origins of the capitalist modernity to the Iberian expansion of the 15th century. The Pyrenees mountain range is located at the border between Spain and France. After 197, the territories of the peninsula most accustomed to external contact and with the most urban tradition (the Mediterranean Coast and the Guadalquivir Valley) were divided by Romans into Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior. These figures sum the figures given in the Wikipedia articles on the geography of Spain and Portugal. The Celts were the largest group in ancient Europe. World-class mineral deposits can also be found there. S1).The plants were collected from forest ecosystems ranging in altitude . Key Points. (The name Iberia was ambiguous, being also the name of the Kingdom of Iberia in the Caucasus.). [75] In 1086, following the siege of Zaragoza by Alfonso VI of Len-Castile, the Almoravids, religious zealots originally from the deserts of the Maghreb, landed in the Iberian Peninsula, and, having inflicted a serious defeat to Alfonso VI at the battle of Zalaca, began to seize control of the remaining taifas. The Hispanic and Portuguese World - Library of Congress Most figures from Internet sources on Spain and Portugal include the coastlines of the islands owned by each country and thus are not a reliable guide to the coastline of the peninsula. Overall, the Iberian Peninsula countries have a combined GDP of over $1.6 trillion. [106], By the end of the 15th century (1490) the Iberian kingdoms (including here the Balearic Islands) had an estimated population of 6.525million (Crown of Castile, 4.3million; Portugal, 1.0million; Principality of Catalonia, 0.3million; Kingdom of Valencia, 0.255million; Kingdom of Granada, 0.25million; Kingdom of Aragon, 0.25million; Kingdom of Navarre, 0.12million and the Kingdom of Mallorca, 0.05million). According to Charles Ebel, the ancient sources in both Latin and Greek use Hispania and Hiberia (Greek: Iberia) as synonyms. Although the various regions are each characterized by distinct vegetation, there are some similarities across the peninsula. The Visigoths - 5th to 7th Centuries. El cerro de San Juan (Coria del Ro, Sevilla) y el 'Modelo de Reemplazo', "Origin and development of the Paleohispanic scripts. A small Muslim army arrived on the southern shores of Iberia in the year 711 and by 720, almost the entire peninsula was under Muslim control. In Greek and Roman antiquity, the name Hesperia was used for both the Italian and Iberian Peninsula; in the latter case Hesperia Ultima (referring to its position in the far west) appears as form of disambiguation from the former among Roman writers. [102] In addition, already in the Early Modern Period, between the completion of the Granada War in 1492 and the death of Ferdinand of Aragon in 1516, the Hispanic Monarchy would make strides in the imperial expansion along the Mediterranean coast of the Maghreb. Peninsular War. [61] Christians and Jews were allowed to live as part of a stratified society under the dhimmah system,[62] although Jews became very important in certain fields. [101], During the 15th century, Portugal, which had ended its southwards territorial expansion across the Iberian Peninsula in 1249 with the conquest of the Algarve, initiated an overseas expansion in parallel to the rise of the House of Aviz, conquering Ceuta (1415) arriving at Porto Santo (1418), Madeira and the Azores, as well as establishing additional outposts along the North-African Atlantic coast. [186], There are four points connecting the Portuguese and Spanish rail networks: Valena do MinhoTui, Vilar FormosoFuentes de Ooro, Marvo-BeirValencia de Alcntara and ElvasBadajoz. The battlefield cannot be exactly located, but it was fought somewhere between Tours and Poitiers, in what is now west-central France. Around 37,000 BP, during the Upper Paleolithic, the Neanderthal Chtelperronian cultural period began. "In reality, the Muslim influence in the Iberian peninsula was extremely far . [83], Merchants from Genoa and Pisa were conducting an intense trading activity in Catalonia already by the 12th century, and later in Portugal. [4] It was Strabo who first reported the delineation of "Iberia" from Gaul (Keltik) by the Pyrenees[5] and included the entire land mass southwest (he says "west") from there. It originates in Monte Universales and forms the border between Spain and Portugal. It has coastlines on the Bay of Biscay (a part of the Atlantic Ocean) and the Mediterranean Sea.Spain's capital and largest city is Madrid, and the country is known for its long history, unique culture, strong economy, and very high living standards. Over 70,000 animal species are found on the Iberian Peninsula, with invertebrates accounting for the largest proportion. Silk turned from a domestic industry into a raw commodity to be exported. However, most of Portugal and Spain have a Mediterranean climate; the Warm-summer Mediterranean climate and the Hot-summer Mediterranean climate, with various differences in precipitation and temperature depending on latitude and position versus the sea, this applies greatly to the Portuguese and Galician Atlantic coasts where, due to upwelling/downwelling phenomena average temperatures in summer can vary through as much as 10C (50F) in only a few kilometers (e.g. It has an area of 6.7 km 2 (2.6 sq mi) and is bordered to the north by Spain.The landscape is dominated by the Rock of Gibraltar, at the foot of which is a .
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