-- 1973. 1999, PAGE 219, Zarins, Juris (1990), "Early Pastoral Nomadism and the Settlement of Lower Mesopotamia", (Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research), NEW ISSUES IN REFUGEE RESEARCH Working Paper No. Article Geophys. This Somalia location article is a stub. ocean, g' stands for the reduced gravity [g(Ap/p)] in . 0000008283 00000 n 825,052km2 (318,554sqmi) with 200nmi (370.4km; 230.2mi), Climate: (1950). 0000002068 00000 n However, we show a very complex thermocline structure along the coast of Somali as the upwelling is limited to the northern part and in some extent in the southern part of the Somali coast and the large middle part exhibits entrainment driven by downwelling. DVD. Enhancing the value of the Haud are the natural depressions that during periods of rain become temporary lakes and ponds. Phil. A Reanalysis of Ocean Climate Using Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA). 3 along the alongshore section. As the Inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) lays over the equatorial belt during March-April, the surface temperature along the Somali coast steadily increases to ~30C off Somalia coast. High biological productivity in the central Arabian Sea during the summer monsoon driven by Ekman pumping and lateral advection. The SST tendency term remain predominantly negative during the entire summer monsoon months in the NSEC and SSEC with occasional switch to positive values in the CSEC. Mean daily maximum temperatures throughout the country range from 30 to 40C (86 to 104F), except at higher elevations and along the Somali Sea coast. Smith, S. L. & Codispoti, L. A. Southwest monsoon of 1979: Chemical and biological response of Somali coastal waters. Ras Caseyr (Cape Guardafui) is the easternmost point of Somalia; this point joins the Guardafui Channel to the Gulf of Aden. ", "Grotto galleries show early Somali life", "The Discovery of Dhambalin Rock Art Site, Somaliland", "UK archaeologist finds cave paintings at 100 new African sites", "Mummified baboons clarify ancient Red Sea trade routes", The Geography of Herodotus: Illustrated from Modern Researches and Discoveries, "Taariikhda Beerta Suldaan Cabdilaahi ee Hargeysa | Somalidiasporanews.com", "Taariikhda Saldanada Reer Guuleed Ee Somaliland.Abwaan:Ibraahim-rashiid Cismaan Guure (aboor). During winter, the flow of the upper ocean is directed westward from near the Indonesian Archipelago to the Arabian Sea. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. In the more arid highlands of the northeast, Boswellia and Commiphora trees are sources, respectively, of the frankincense and myrrh for which Somalia has been known since ancient times. Ocean. Equations (11) and (12) form a coupled system of two equations. other: 98.32% (2005), Irrigated land: 2,000km2 (770sqmi) (2003), Natural hazards: The coastline is generally divided into two parts, northern and eastern coastlines, separated by the tip of the Horn of Africa known as Cape Guardafui. During the colder months, December to February, visibility at higher elevations is often restricted by fog. Beal, L. M. & Donohue, K. A. A. 0000002341 00000 n This indicates that the cooling observed in the SSEC, as shown in the previous section, is dominated by wind driven upwelling, which acts as a combination of strong offshore Ekman transport and upwelling favorable Ekman suction. During May, when the alongshore winds are weakest, surface temperature reaches close to 30C and the thermocline along the Somali coast remains relatively flat at ~100m depth except at very close to the coast where wind driven coastal upwelling is evident. Columbia University, School of International Affairs. With the onset of the summer monsoon, the circulation reverses. Prog. The Somali Current is the more intense, . Certain higher areas in the north, however, record more than 500 millimeters (19.7in) a year, as do some coastal sites. Abstract. highest point: Leetma, A. [15] As the Haud merges into the Mudug Plain in central Somalia, the aridity increases and the vegetation takes on a subdesert character. Also, as the negative windstress curl strengthens during June-August, the thermocline along CSEC deepens to more than 100m. Note, however, that Rossby waves generated at the interior ocean takes about 12 months to reach the coast and thereby, deepening of the thermocline is seen only by late July or early August i.e. The blank outline map respresents mainland Somalia. Scientific Reports (Sci Rep) It extends over 637600 km2 Marine Pollution Bulletin Vol. As shown here, upwelling along this coast is very limited to the early part of the monsoon and in small eddy driven regions, thus may not be much important to close the over turning circulations across the equator as was believed earlier. Hence, we verified this model derived latent heat flux (LHF) field with a satellite derived LHF product, JOFURO and another synthesis product, TropFlux (Figure not shown), and found similar positive LHF into the ocean across all the datasets. In summary, we have explored the mechanisms that drive the cold surface temperature along the Somali coast during summer monsoon period and showed that upwelling is not the sole cause of this, in fact entrainment and net surface flux controls the SST over major part of this region. It is now well known that Somali coast experiences a low level southwesterly surface jet during summer, called as Findlater Jet13, that drives the surface currents northward1,2,14,15. Then the model run forward using interannal forcing for 19932014. (1986) report deep boundary currents north and . This upwelling signatures strengthen from south to north with D22 shoals from 100m at 4N to 75m at 10N. 1]. [2] It extends over 637 600 km 2 and has the longest coastline (3025 km) in Africa with an estimated shelf area (depth 0-200 m) of 32 500 km 2. It features arid to subarid savanna, open woodland, and thickets that include frequently abundant underlying grasses. Note that the heat budget is first computed over the interannual time series and then the climatology is computed over 19932014 period. )(2003) The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Ocean. 1972. Figure9 shows the contribution of each heat budget componentsto the observed upper ocean cooling along the alongshore section of 1000m isobath. This feature is more conspicuous during late July and August when these westward signals get further intensified by the Rossby waves generated from GW. Deep-Sea Res., 20. 384, 549552, https://doi.org/10.1038/384549a0 (2007). The radiation (shortwave and longwave), momentum (windstres) fluxes and 2m specific humidity and air temperature are obtained from TropFlux data47,48. Leetmaa, A., D. R. Quadfasel and D. Wilson. Shimbiris 2,460m (8,070ft), Natural resources: The northeastward flow associated with the Somali Current of the southwest monsoon progressed from the equator in April to 4 N in August. 10,320km2 (3,980sqmi), Area - comparative: While the meridional advection, driven by the strong alongshore currents, brings enormous amount of heat into this region, particularly in the CSEC, the major portion of this heat gets advected away by the zonal advection. Beyond this plain is the maritime mountain range of the Karkaar Mountains (marked on the map) hosting the highest point in the country, the 2,460 m tall Mount Shimbiris. In a recent study based on satellite derived SST Kankan et al.40 showed that Somali coast exhibits one of weakest SST front among the other persistent frontal systems of the north Indian Ocean. Here, Ekman transport and Ekman pumping velocities are calculated based on climatological TropFlux winds. [7] The tangambili periods that intervene between the two monsoons (OctoberNovember and MarchMay) are hot and humid.[7]. Leetmaa, A. Sea Res. Map of global climatological SST (shading) from NIOA26 and surface winds (vector) from QuikSCAT for the month of July. Theor. As the alongshore winds start to peak in May, the current extend further to ~34N and then separates from the coast and flow offshore to form an anti-cyclonic gyre, frequently referred as the Southern Gyre17. Earth Syst. Winds start to blow across the equator along the western boundary sometime in May (Fig. the Somali current is located. Evolution of each term of the climatological heat budget of the mixed layer given in Eq. ), The Reptile Database, htUetz, P. & Jir Hoek (e Uetz, P. & Jir Hoek (eds. HUA0|1U !0sB.>bX0it 4}JpY"_I$Sj_F'$)EZ5aJRre@)c\/lVM7 This time winds are southwesterly in the northern Arabian Sea and predominantly alongshore off the southwestern part of the Indian coast. Clim. The meso-scale eddies and currents in the Arabian Sea are analyzed using different satellite observations, Simple Oceanic Data Assimilation (SODA) reanalysis, and Ocean Reanalysis System 4 (ORAS4) from 1993 to 2016 to investigate the impacts of Southwest (SW) Monsoon strength on Somali Current (SC) mesoscale circulations such as the Great Whirl (GW), the Socotra Eddy (SE), the Southern Gyre . 19, 319325, https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(72)90025-3 (1972). Prakash, P., Prakash, S., Rahaman, H., Ravichandran, M. & Nayak, S. Is the trend in chlorophyll-a in the arabian sea decreasing? 0000001940 00000 n lowest point: As elevations and rainfall increase in the maritime ranges of the north, the vegetation becomes denser. Tanzania. As the summer monsoon commences by June, the Findlater Jet peaks along the Somali coast leading to intensify upwelling all along the coast with D22 shoals around 50m near the coast. The frictional velocity is defined as u*=(/o)(1/2), where is surface wind magnitude and is the density of the mixed layer. Article The simulated seasonal evolution of thermocline off Somalia compares well with the observations (Fig. These regions are further subdivided into districts. We use ocean drifter surface location and current velocity data from the NOAA Global Drifter Program (GDP) to illustrate and validate the trajectories of our tracked eddies. 0000004430 00000 n 8). the Somali current is located. As per the bulk formulae, LHF is proportional to the product of surface wind speed and the humidity gradient between sea surface and at 10m height and goes in the direction of humidity gradient. lagged by about a month from the peak in the negative windstress curl. Somalia also has several oceanic islands. [10] [6] History Our analysis suggests that the horizontal advection helps to warm the surface layer along the major part of the Somali coast except in the north where it helps to cool the SST during the entire monsoon. J. Geophys. Further, in addition to the coastal upwelling, thermocline also shoals offshore at ~57E for 8N and 10N section owing to the return flow of GW. & Behera, A. Inhibition of mixed-layer deepening during winter in the northeastern Arabian Sea by the West India Coastal Current. 22, 88103 (2009). Model is forced by surface fluxes obtained from various sources. 14,952,000 Head Of State: President: Hassan Sheikh Mohamud 2 Form Of Government: federal republic 2 with two legislative houses (House of the People [275]; Upper House [54]) . Furthermore, as stated earlier, Ekman transport is also weakest in this part of the section. Interestingly, in spite of the downwelling over major part of the Somali coast, SST shows a nearly uniform cooling all along the Somali coast. Dickinson, E.C. provided support in model configuration. World ocean atlas 2013, vol. Exclusive Economic Zone: 627,337km2 (242,216sqmi) 0000008241 00000 n J. Geophys. Goldenstein, Rachel. The transition of the Somali Current from northeast monsoon conditions to southwest monsoon conditions was observed from April through August 1979. Deep-Sea Res., 19, 319-325. desertification; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; waste dumping; overfishing, International environment agreements: 3). This leads to the deepening of the surface mixed layer and thermocline (D22), which is further enhanced by the the arrival of Rossby waves from the interior Arabian Sea. 30, 294309 (2000). Instantaneous wind stirring, scaled as the friction velocity, causes vertical entrainment mixing through vertical shear instability of wind driven horizontal currents and surface buoyancy. [3], The coastline of Somalia has different conditions throughout its length. J. Phys. party to: Biodiversity, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection Note also that the climatologies are created based on data from the year 1998 to 2008 owing to the availability of TRMM TMI data. Further, during summer, cold surface temperature off the coast of Somalia and Arabia create much needed thermal gradient for moisture transport for the Indian summer monsoon. The above analyses, using observations and model simulations, show a prominent downwelling feature in over ~60% of Somali coast line (the central section, CSEC) during peak summer monsoon. Zweng, M. et al. Ocean. Some of the highest mean annual temperatures in the world have been recorded in the country; Berbera on the northwestern coast has an afternoon high that averages more than 38C (100F) from June through September. Prakash, S. & Ramesh, R. Is the Arabian Sea getting more productive? 11). In the coming section, we explore which of these subsurface processes support the observed cooling off Somalia coast, particularly in the CSEC. ), The Reptile Database. Direct measurement of fluxes (covariance fluxes) are needed to ascertain this process further. permanent crops: 0.04% In most of northern, northeastern, and north-central Somalia, where rainfall is low, the vegetation consists of scattered low trees, including various acacias, and widely scattered patches of grass. Swallow et al., 1983; Schott et al., 1990]. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44099-1, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44099-1. Sci. Rts. Res. During this period, the positive windstress curl is confined to the northern part of the Arabian Sea and to a narrow band hugging the coast of Somalia, Arabia and the west coast of India. Note, however, that while thermocline deepens over major part of the Somali coast, temperature of the upper water column cools progressively over the span of the Indian summer monsoon. A 265, 4592 (1969). Outline Map Key Facts Flag Located in the Horn of Africa, Somalia occupies an area of 637,657 sq. The Somali Current, located along the northeast coast of Africa in the Arabian Sea, is an atypical western boundary current that flows northward during boreal summer (southwest monsoon) and southward during boreal winter (northeast monsoon; Schott et al., 2009 ). The Somali Coastal system lies mostly in the northern Indian Ocean, and is composed by the following dynamic oceanographic features: The East African Coastal Current (EACC), the Southern Gyre (SG), the Somali Current (SC), the South Equatorial Countercurrent (SECC), and the Great Whirl (GW) (Fig. ocean, g' stands for the reduced gravity [g(Ap/p)] in . A Simple Ocean Data Assimilation Analysis of the Global Upper Ocean 195095. Previous studies suggest that non-linearity associated with the strong cross-equatorial currents plays an important role in the formation of the SG1, whereas, strong Findlater Jet north of the equator drives the formation of GW16. Southwestern Somalia is dominated by the country's only two permanent rivers, the Jubba and the Shabeelle. Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding subheadings. Ding, W., Molinary, R. L. & Shallow, J. C. Somali Current: Evolution of surface flow. J. Geophys. Somalia is located on the Horn of Africa, with Djibouti to the north-west, Ethiopia to the west, Kenya to the south-west, the Indian Ocean to the east and the Gulf of Aden to the north (Fig. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. 0000006844 00000 n 2-b).The direction of the Somali Current is controlled by the seasonal variations of the monsoonal . 0000003089 00000 n CAS Correspondence to Consequently, it is necessary to include the effect of divergence in the model. A large part of the Somali peninsula is a tableland. 3, No. Improved bathymetric datasets for the shallow water regions in the Indian Ocean. As observed on the physical map above, the terrain of the country features plains, plateaus, and highlands. A major feature of this eastern section is the long and broad Nugaal Valley, with its extensive network of intermittent seasonal watercourses. Climatological windstress curl (shaded) and windstress (vectors) derived from TropFlux data during 19932014. Rts. Kenya, Ethiopia. Du- . The Cal Madow and the Lag Badana national park are humid areas.[7]. In order to understand the observed deepening of thermocline and the evolution of cold surface temperature, in the absence of any other observations, in the next section, we have analysed simulations from an Ocean General Circulation Model (OGCM) (described in Methodology Section) and frequently discuss a vertical section approximately along the shelf break (~1000m isobath) along the coastline (dashed black curve in Fig. Sci. A. This vegetation gives way to a combination of low bushes and grass clumps in the highly arid areas of the northeast and along the Gulf of Aden. Djibouti 60km (37mi), Ethiopia 1,626km (1,010mi), and Kenya for 682km (424mi), Maritime claims: S7). The Haud south of Hargeysa is covered mostly by a semiarid woodland of scattered trees, mainly acacias, underlain by grasses that include species especially favored by livestock as forage. & Vinayachandran, P. Yanai waves in the western equatorial Indian Ocean. Development of the flow field during the onset of the Somali . water: The SG disappears or weakens considerably by August, but, the GW still maintains its strength. A.C. designed the study, model experiments and made the plots. The Somali Current is known to develop in different phases in response to the onset of the southwest mon- soon [e.g. Human Development Report 2001-Somalia. land: A.C. and P.K.B. Along the Somali Sea from Hobyo southwestward to near Mogadishu lies a stretch of dry coastal sand dunes, the Hobyo grasslands and shrublands ecoregion. In the northeast, annual rainfall is less than 4 inches (100mm); in the central plateaus, it is about 8 to 12 inches (200 to 300mm). They also added that this weaker front off Somalia exists only during early part of the summer monsoon and not during the entire season. Note, however, that intensity of upwelling in the northern part of the section is weaker in the observations compared to the model simulation possibly due to the lack of enough observed profiles in the gridded observation data in this region and rigid smoothing that are imposed while gridding these datasets. `10z0d11 @$o\ 4_( Sydeman, W. J. et al. The Monsoon Wind Cycle and the Near-Surface Circulation in the Western Indian Ocean 2 1 Large-scale circulation 2 2 The monsoon winds off East Africa 2.3 The Somah Current during both fully developed monsoon phases 3. . Parts of this area have been under cultivation since the 1930s, producing sorghum and maize; in the 1990s it constituted the only significant region of sedentary cultivation outside southwestern Somalia. Despite its uniqueness, the dynamics of the formation of these two gyre systems is still not well understood. 6) during May to September along the 4N, 6N, 8N and 10N latitude belts off Somalia coast (dashed blue lines in Fig. Geophys. Climatol., https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2493-6 (2018). 44, 425449 (1997). But unlike in a typical upwelling scenario, here due to entrainment, the thermocline deepens. As stated above, Ekman mass transport is positive and transporting water offshore with an average rate of 104kg m1s1 with maximum in the south and decreases almost linearly in the north in accordance with the strength of the alongshore wind components. Published in May 2004. Once they cross over the cold wedge of the GW, the surface air becomes cooler, but due to the effect of subsurface processes SST cools much more and hence creates an inversion in the near surface humidity structure. Deep. Langers Encyclopedia of World History, 594. The mixed layer heat budget is governed by the following equation: here, T is the averaged potential temperature of the mixed layer, HT is the horizontal advection integrated over the mixed layer, Q* is the net surface thermal flux corrected for shortwave penetration below the mixed layer, Cp is specific heat capacity of the sea water and R represents the contribution of all other processes including vertical advection and entrainment into the mixed layer (hereafter will refer as subsurface processes). Veldhuis, M., Kraay, G. W., Bleijswik, J. D. L. V. & Baars, M. A. km. Clim. & Giese, B. By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. Since the first International Indian Ocean expedition (IIOE) in 1960s, dynamics of this current system is being studied extensively by many researchers. Farther southward the terrain gradually changes to semiarid woodlands and grasslands as the annual precipitation increases. The Great Whirl: Observations of its seasonal development and interannual variability. Annihilation of the Somali upwelling system during summer monsoon. This page was last updated on February 24, 2021, All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com. 77, 437471 (1996). 0000005974 00000 n endstream endobj 432 0 obj 539 endobj 433 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 432 0 R >> stream Kalnay, E. et al. 0000002319 00000 n R. Soc. 0000007535 00000 n Geography - note: 41, Nos. In contrary, along the NSEC, the buoyancy flux show a strong stratification with the minimum frictional velocity and therefore, does not support the possibility of entrainment in this region. Uncontrolled exploitation appears to have caused some damage to forests in that area. This period is characterized by the southwest monsoons, which rejuvenate the pasture land, especially the central plateau, and briefly transform the desert into lush vegetation. A comparison of temperature along the alongshore section from all three reanalysis data suggest a similar feature as observed by the ARGO float (Fig. 136, 29993017 (2008). The Dayr, which is the shortest rainy season, lasts from October to December. The southwest receives 330 to 500 millimeters (13.0 to 19.7in). Washington, D.C./New York: UNDP and World Bank. 4). Swamps of East African mangroves are found at points along the coast, particularly from Kismaayo to near the Kenyan border. 0000000951 00000 n principally desert; December to February - northeast monsoon, moderate temperatures in north and very hot in south; May to October - southwest monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons, Terrain: Our analysis suggests a far reaching consequence at the way we look at the possible future changes in the Somali upwelling region. Moreover, they are consistent with those of westward propagating Rossby waves. As observed on the physical map above, the terrain of the country features plains, plateaus, and highlands. However, as the summer monsoon peaks during August, D22 starts to deepen considerably in all the sections. CAS Deep. 1).Below the Somali Current, coastal undercurrents with strong alongshore and seasonal variability are observed (QS; Schott, 1983, later referred to as S83). arable land: 1.64% We have analysed the surface flux of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) that drives the entrainment, which is a function of the sum of the cube of the frictional velocity and the surface buoyancy flux. Sci. The Somali Current, with a volume transport comparable to that of the Gulf Stream, changes direction with the monsoon winds. The annual cycle and timing of the reversal of the Somali Current differ depending on the location along the coast of northeastern Africa. The Somali Current (SC)/Undercurrent (SUC) is the western boundary current (WBC) system of the Arabian Sea. signed, but not ratified: Soc. But the mixed layer depth deepens during entrainment whereas it shoals during upwelling and hence, are driven by different dynamics. Chatterjee, A. et al. Google Scholar. Additionally, we also compared Ekman pumping (wek) which is a function of windstress curl (wek=curl()/f) and crosshore Ekman transport (EKtr) which is dependent on alongshore windstress (EKtr=ashore/f) during the summer months along the coast of Somalia (Fig. Further, during JuneJuly, owing to the intense net surface heat loss, buoyancy flux also turns negative and thus, leads to cooler and heavier surface water which then sink to enhance mixing at the bottom of the mixed layer. The coastal zone's relative humidity usually remains about 70 percent even during the dry seasons. This contradicts the existing perception about the Somali upwelling system built over the last five decades. The country's highest point, Shimber Berris, which rises to 2,460 meters, is located near the town of Erigavo. 2,366km (1,470mi) Further, we show that the surface cooling of coastal waters are dominantly driven by subsurface entrainment and surface heat fluxes. This early spin-up of GW coincide with the arrival of annual Rossby waves radiated from the west coast of India and therefore, considered to be one of the driving mechanisms for the formation of this gyre18. WorldFish Center Philippine Office, Los Banos, Philippines. Indian Ocean 0m (0ft) Google Scholar. Somalia is a country located in the Horn of Africa which officially consists of the intra-46th meridian east territory, the five federal member states, namely Galmudug, Hirshabelle, Jubaland, South West, Puntland and the municipality of Benadir. On the other hand, the strong negative windstress curl over large parts of the interior Arabian Sea results in strong Ekman pumping (negative vertical velocity) over the interior of the basin (Fig. Finally, as the summer monsoon winds start to withdraw from the north Indian Ocean during September, strength of the Somali current weakens considerably. http://apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu/data/data.php, https://climatedataguide.ucar.edu/climate-data/oras4-ecmwf-ocean-reanalysis-and-derived-ocean-heat-content, http://apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu:80/dods/public_data/SODA/soda_pop2.2.4, http://www.nio.org/index/option/com_nomenu/task/show/tid/2/sid/18/id/229, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.209.4456.597, https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(72)90025-3, https://doi.org/10.1016/0011-7471(73)90062-4, https://data.nodc.noaa.gov/woa/WOA13/DOC/woa13_vol2.pdf, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2493-6, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-018-1045-x, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Indian Ocean dynamic sea level, its variability and projections in CMIP6 models. Appl. To the extreme north, a narrow semidesert coastal plain that varies in width from around 12 km in the west to only 2 km in the east, borders the Gulf of Aden. Y`:!!c8B tJT0a,0 17A The ongoing Civil War in Somalia has resulted in the country going through great turmoil. Hb``a``)a`c`b`@ v 09b7'xR\E11V%iV%pHqN->^t.?/;'f%AAAPQA- n \~a;! 4, the blue dotted box represents CSEC and the numbers in black, red and blue fonts represent the depth of the D22 averaged over the blue box from model, NIOA and WOA13, respectively. The Somali Current is a cold ocean boundary current that runs along the coast of Somalia and Oman in the Western Indian Ocean and is analogous to the Gulf Stream . Nat. Regions of sustained upwelling exist on both eastern- and western-ocean boundaries. Hum. The authors declare no competing interests. 43, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069638 (2016). Bakun, A. In short, future projection of Somali upwelling region only based on alongshore wind driven Ekman transport might be erroneous as opposed to the EBUSs and therefore, demands detailed analysis. Equations (11) and (12) form a coupled system of two equations. Turner, A. G. & Annamalai, H. Climate change and the South Asian summer monsoon. Climate change and wind intensification in coastal upwelling ecosystems. Ocean model is initially spun-up for 10 years using the climatological forcing derived for the period 19932014 using the forcing mentioned above. %PDF-1.3 % Ocean. A similar contradictory conclusions exist for the Somali region as well: while some suggest an increase in the summer upwelling31,32, few others suggested otherwise33,34. It flows northeastward during the summer and southwestward in the winter (Fig. The upwelling is prominent only to the north of 9N and a weaker uplifting of thermocline can be seen at ~23N in the early phase of the summer monsoon. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Subsequently, these downwelling signals then propagate westward with an approximate speed of 25cm/s and interfere with the coastal signals along the coast of Somalia (Fig. Deep. Atmos Sci Lett., https://doi.org/10.1002/asl.825 (2018). To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. [2] The northern tip of the coastline meets Djibouti in west and the eastern tip meets Kenya in the south. Freshwater river input50,51 is introduced into the top 10m of the water column. uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite, copper, salt, natural gas, Land use: Lett. These contrasting oceanic processes are not yet well studied in the context of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall, but, are important for the better prediction of future change in the rainfall over south Asia. The monthly mean values of sea surface temperature is obtained from the tropical rainfall measuring missons (TRMM) microwave imager (TMI) (http://apdrc.soest.hawaii.edu/data/data.php) and the TRMM rainfall data is downloaded from http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/precipitation.